Home · Unit 3 · Topic 2 · Association and causation

Association and causation

Recognise and explain that an observed association between two variables (categorical and/or numerical) does not necessarily mean that there is a causal relationship between them.

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Interactive

Association is not causation

organiser

The same scatter is compatible with X→Y, Y→X, or no causal arrow at all — association is not a cause stamp.

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